Analysis of Long-Range Attacks on Proof Stake Blockchains

While blockchain technology offers several benefits, it is not immune to attacks. In particular, proof of stake protocols are vulnerable to long-range attacks that can compromise the integrity of the blockchain. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of these attacks, which can allow an attacker to rewrite the history of transactions on the blockchain. We discuss the underlying principles of proof of stake protocols and the techniques used in these attacks. Additionally, we propose some countermeasures that can mitigate the risks of these attacks.