神秘性开关电容电路

Preface . . . . xi

Chapter 1: Basic MOS Device Physics 1

1.1 IntroducTIon . . . 1

Chapter Outline. . 1

1.2 MOS Transistors. . 1

Basic OperaTIon. . 1

Scaling of MOS Transistors  5

1.3 MOSFET Switches7

Switch On-Resistance.. . . 7

Charge InjecTIon. . 9

1.4 MOSFET Capacitors.. . . 11

References 13

Chapter 2: OperaTIonal Amplifi ers  . 15

2.1 Introduction. . 15

Chapter Outline. 15

2.2 Two-Stage Op-Amps. . . 15

2.3 Telescopic and Folded-Cascode Op-Amps 19

Appendix 2.1 . . . . 24

References 25

Chapter 3: Switched-Capacitor Building Blocks . 27

3.1 Introduction. . 27

Chapter Outline. 27

3.2 Switched-Capacitor Resistor Simulation . . 28

SC Resistor Simulations. 28

The Advantages of SC Resistor Simulations . 34

Capacitance Ratios versus Circuit Parameters 35

3.3 Switched-Capacitor Integrators . . . 40

Parasitic-Sensitive SC Integrators  40

Parasitic-Insensitive SC Integrators  . . . . . 48

Fully Differential Integrators  . . . . 53

3.4 CMOS Sample-and-Hold Circuits  58

Performance Parameters.59

Testing S&H Circuits. . . 62

CMOS S&H Circuits. . . 64

3.5 Switched-Capacitor Interpolators and Decimators. . . 69

SC Interpolators. 69

SC Decimators. . 74

3.6 Signal-Flow-Graph Analysis of Switched-Capacitor Circuits  . . . . . 77

Signal-Flow-Graph Analysis  . . . . 77

Mason’s Rule 78

Appendix 3.1 . . . . 82

References 83

Chapter 4: Switched-Capacitor Filters  . . . . 89

4.1 Introduction. . 89

Chapter Outline. .89

4.2 Low-Order Switched-Capacitor Filters . . . 90

First-Order SC Filters.. . 90

Second-Order SC Filters91

Area-Effi cient High-Q SC Filters . 93

4.3 High-Order Switched-Capacitor Filters  . . 96

Realizations of SC Filters . 96

Biquad Ordering and Dynamic Range Scaling . . . . . 98

Design Example: An Elliptical Low-Pass SC Filter 101

4.4 High-Frequency CMOS Switched-Capacitor Filters 114

Appendix 4.1 . . . 118

References . . . . . 133

Chapter 5: Switched-Capacitor Data Converters . . . . . 137

5.1 Introduction. 137

Chapter Outline139

5.2 Performance Parameters of Data Converters 139

DAC Specifi cations.. . . 139

ADC Specifi cations. . . 144

INL, DNL, and Quantization Noise . . . . 149

5.3 Nyquist-Rate DACs.. . . 151

Integrated Nyquist-Rate DACs  . . 151

Nyquist-Rate SC DACs.153

Matching Accuracy of Data Converters . 157

5.4 Nyquist-Rate ADCs. . . 162

Flash ADCs 162

Two-Step ADCs168

Pipelined ADCs173

Cyclic ADCs.. . 182

Successive-Approximation ADCs  . . . . . 185

5.5 Oversampling Data Converters . . 188

Nyquist Rate versus Oversampling  . . . . 188

Noise Shaping and Stability  . . . . 190

Types of ΔΣ Modulators . 196

ΔΣ Modulators with Single-Bit Quantization197

ΔΣ Modulators with Multibit Quantization . 204

Appendix 5.1 . . . 207

References . . . . . 216

Chapter 6: Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Converters . . .223

6.1 Introduction. 223

Types of SC DC-DC Converters  225

Applications of SC DC-DC Converters  . 225

Chapter Outline226

6.2 Dickson Charge-Pump. 226

Conventional Dickson Charge-Pump  . . . 226

Improved Dickson Charge-Pumps  . . . . . 228

6.3 Cross-Coupled SC Step-Up DC-DC Converters . . . 232

6.4 SC Step-Down DC-DC Converters  . . . . 236

6.5 Multiple-Gain SC DC-DC Converters  . . 238

References . . . . . 243

Chapter 7: Advanced Switched-Capacitor Circuit Techniques  . 247

7.1 Introduction . 247

Chapter Outline247

7.2 Low-Voltage SC Circuits Techniques  . . . 247

The Low-Voltage Challenge  . . . . 247

Clock Boosting and Switch Bootstrapping . 251

Switched Op-Amp. . . . 255

7.3 Accuracy-Enhancement Techniques for SC Circuits 258

The Imperfect Op-Amp258

Autozeroing 259

Correlated Double-Sampling  . . . 261

References . . . . . 266

Chapter 8: Design of SC Delta-Sigma Modulators for Multistandard RF

Receivers. 271

8.1 Introduction. 271

The Multistandard Challenge . . . 272

ΔΣ Modulator for Multistandard RF Receiver. . . . . 273

Chapter Outline274

8.2 Receiver Systems. . . . . 274

Figures of Merit274

Conventional Super-Heterodyne Receiver . . 275

Zero-IF (Direct-Conversion) Receiver  . . 276

Low-IF Receiver277

Wideband IF Double-Conversion Receiver . 278

Digital-IF Receiver. . . . 278

Modulator Specifi cations  281

8.3 System-Level ΔΣ Modulator Design  . . . 283

IF Frequencies and OSRs 283

ΔΣ Modulator Design for GSM and DECT. 284

ΔΣ Modulator Design for WCDMA . . . . 286

Sizing the Capacitors. . 286

Nonidealities in ΔΣ Modulators  . 287

8.4 Circuit Implementation. 292

SC Integrators.. 294

Operational Transconductance Amplifi er (OTA). . . 295

Quantizer . . 300

8.5 Measurement Results. . 301

8.6 Conclusions . 303

References . . . . . 306

Index . . . . 311