Structure and up conversion luminescence of Pr3+/Yb3+ co doped CaNb2O6 thin film

Pr3+/Yb3+ co-doped CaNb2O6 thin films are deposited on Si(100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition and annealed at different temperatures in air atmosphere. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectra are used to characterize the samples. The results show that the annealing temperature has a strong effect on the film's grain size, structure, morphology, and the up-conversion luminescence properties. The grain s