现代操作系统(英文)

CONTENTSPREFACEXXIV1 INTRODUCTION1.1 WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM? 31. 1. 1 The Operating System as an Extended Machine 41.1.2 The Operating System as a Resource Manager 61.2 HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 71. 2. 1 The First Generation(1945-55)Vacuum Tubes 71.2.2 The Second Generation(1955-65) Transistors and Batch Systems 81. 2. 3 The Third Generation(1965-1980)ICs and multiprogramming 101.2.4 The Fourth Generation(1980-Present) Personal Computers 131. 3 COMPUTER HARDWARE REVIEW 171.3.1 Processors 173.2 Memory211. 3. 3 Disks 241.3.4Tapes 251.3.5IO Devices 251.3.6 Buses 281.3.7 Booting the computer 3 1VICONTENTS1.4 THE OPERATING SYSTEM ZOo 311.4. I Mainframe Operating Systems 321.4.2 Server Operating Systems 321.4.3 Multiprocessor Operating Systems 321.4.4 Personal Computer Operating systems 331.4.5 Handheld Computer Operating Systems 331.4.6 Embedded Operating systes. 331.4.7 Sensor Node Operating Systems 341.4.8 Real-Time Operating systems 341. 4.9 Smart Card Operating Systems 351.5 OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS 351.5.1 Processes 361.5.2 Address Spaces 381.5.3 files 381.5. 4 Input/Output 411.5.5 Protection 421, 5.6 The shell 421.5.7 Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny 4416 SYSTEM CALLS 471. 6. 1 System Calls for Process Management 501.6.2 System Calls for File manageent 541. 6. 3 System Calls for Directory Management 551.6.4 Miscellaneous system Calls 561.6.5 The Windows Win 32 API 577 OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE 601.7. I Monolithic systems 601.7. 2 Layered Systems 611. 7. 3 Microkernels 621. 7. 4 Client-Server model 651.7.5 Virtual machines 651.7.6 Exokernels 691. 8 THE WORLD ACCORDING TO C 708.1 The C language 701.8.2 Header files 718.3 Large Programning Projects 721. 8. 4 The model of run time 731.9 RESEARCH ON OPERATING SYSTEMS 74CONTENTSIX1.10 OUTLINE OF THE REST OF THIS BOOK 7511 METRIC UNITS 76L12 SUMMARY 772 PROCESSES AND THREADS812.1 processes 8121. I The Process model 822.1.2 Process Creation 8421. 3 Process termination 862.1.4 Process hierarchies 872.1. 5 Process States 882.1.6 Implementation of Processes 892.1.7 Modeling Multiprogramming 912.2 THREADs 932.2. 1 Thread Usage 932.2. 2 The Classical Thread Model 982.2, 3 POSIX Threads 1022.2.4 Implementing Threads in User Space 1042.2. 5 Implementing Threads in the Kernel 1072.2.6 Hybrid Implementations 1082. 2.7 Scheduler activations 1092.2. 8 Pop-Up Threads 1102.2.9 Making Single-Threaded Code multithreaded 1122. 3 INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION 1152.3. 1 Race Conditions 1152.3.2 Critical Regions 1172.3.3 Mutual Exclusion with Busy Waiting 1182.3. 4 Sleep and Wakeup 1232.3.5 Semaphores 1262.3.6 Mutexes 12823.7 Monitors 1322.3.8 Message Passing 1382.3.9 Barriers 142XCONTENTS2.4 SCHEDULING 1432.4.1 Introduction to Scheduling 1432.4.2 Scheduling in Batch Systems 1502.4.3 Scheduling in Interactive Systems 1522.4.4 Scheduling in Real-Time Systems 1582. 4.5 Policy versus Mechanism 1592.4.6 Thread Scheduling 1602.5 CLASSICAL IPC PROBLEMS 1612.5. 1 The Dining Philosophers Problem 1622.5.2 The readers and writers problem 1652.6 RESEARCH ON PROCESSES AND THREADS 1662.7 SUMMARY 1673 MEMORY MANAGEMENT1733.1 NO MEMORY ABSTRACtIoN 1743.2 A MEMORY ABSTRACTION: ADDRESS SPACES 1773. 2. 1 The Notion of an Address Space 1783.2.2 Swapping 1793.2.3 Managing Free Memory 1823, 3 VIRTUAL MEMORY 863.3. 1 Paging 1873.3.2 Page Tables 1913.3.3 Speeding Up Paging 1923.3. 4 Page Tables for Large Memories 1963. 4 PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS 1993.4.1 The Optimal Page replacement algorithm 2003.4.2 The Not recently Used Page Replacement Algorithm 2013.4.3 The First-In, First-Out(FIFO)Page Replacement Algorithm 2023.4.4 The Second-Chance Page Replacement Algorithm 2023.4.5 The Clock Page Replacement algorithm 2033.4.6 The Least recently Used(LRU Page Replacement Algorithm 2043.4.7 Simulating lru in Soft ware 2053.4.8 The Working Set Page Replacement Algorithm 207CONTENTS3.4.9 The WSClock Page Replacement Algorithm 2113.4. 10 Summary of Page replacement algorithms 2133.5 DESIGN ISSUES FOR PAGING SYSTEMS 2143. 5.1 Local versus Global Allocation Policies 2143. 5.2 Load Control 2163.5.3 Page Size 2173.5.4 Separate Instruction and Data Spaces 2193.5.5 Shared Pages 2193.5.6 Shared Libraries 2213.5.7 Mapped Files 2233.5.8 Cleaning Policy 2243.5.9 Virtual memory Interface 2243.6 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES 2253.6. 1 Operating System Involvement with Paging 2253.6.2 Page Fault Handling 2263.6.3 Instruction Backup 2273.6.4 Locking Pages in Memory 2283.6.5 Backing store 2293.6.6 Separation of policy and mechanism 2313. 7 SEGMENTATIoN 2323.7. 1 Implementation of Pure Segmentation 2353.7.2 Segmentation with Paging: MULTICS 2363. 7. 3 Segmentation with Paging: The Intel Pentium 2403. 8 RESEARCH ON MEMORY MANAGEMENT 2453. 9 SUMMARY 2464 FILE SYSTEMS2534.1 FILES 25541.I File naming 2554.1.2 File Structure 2574.1.3 File Types 2584.1. 4 File access 2604.1.5 File attributes 261XICONTENTS4.1.6 File Operations 2624.1.7 An Example Program Using File System Calls 2634.2 DIRECTORIES 2664.2. 1 Single-Level Directory Systems 2664.2.2 Hierarchical Directory Systems 2664.2 3 Path Names 2674. 2.4 Directory Operations 2704 3 FILE SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 2714.3. 1 File System Layout 2714.3.2 Implementing Files 2724.3.3 Implementing Directories 2784.3.4 Shared Files 2814.3.5 Log-Structured File Systems 2834.3.6 Journaling File Systems 2854.3.7 Virtual File systems 2864.4 FILE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND OPTIMIZATION 2904.4.1 Disk space management 2904.4.2 File System Backups 2964.4.3 File system Consistency 3024.4.4 File system performance 3054.4.5 Defragmenting disks 3094.5 EXAMPLE FILE SYSTEMS 3104.5. 1 CD-ROM File Systems 3104.5.2 The MS-DOS File System 3 164.5.3 The UNIX V7 File System 3 194.6 RESEARCH ON FILE SYSTEMS 3224.7 SUMMARY 3225 INPUT/OUTPUT3275.1 PRINCIPLES OF I/O HARDWARE 3275.1.1 IO Devices 3285. 1.2 Device Controllers 329CONTENTS5.1.3 Memory-Mapped 1/0 3305.1. 4 Direct Memory AcceSs (DMA) 3345. 1.5 Interrupts revisited 3375.2 PRINCIPLES OF IO SOFTWARE 3415.2.1 Goals of the lo software 3415.2.2 Programmed I/O 3425.2.3 Interrupt-Driven 1/0 3445.2. 4 1o USing dma 3455.3/O SOFTWARE LAYERS 3465.3. 1 Interrupt Handlers 3465.3.2 Device drivers 3475.3.3 Device-Independent 1/O Software 3515.3.4 User-Space 1/O Software 3575.4 DISKs 3585. 4. I Disk hardware 3595.4.2 Disk Formatting 3745. 4 3 Disk Arm scheduling algorithms 3775.4. 4 Error Handling 3805. 4.5 Stable Storage 3835.5 CLOCKS 3865.5.1 Clock hardware 3865.5.2 Clock Software 3885.5. 3 Soft Timers 395.6 USER INTERFACES: KEYBOARD, MOUSE MONITOR 3925.6. 1 Input Software 3925.6.2 Output Software 3975.7 THIN CLIENTS 4135. 8 POWER MANAGEMENT 4155.8.1 Hardware Issues 4165.8.2 Operating System Issues 4175.8.3 Application program Issues 4225.9 RESEARCH ON INPUTOUTPUT 4235.10 SUMMARY 424