运算放大器权威指南英文版，原版

运算放大器权威指南英文版，原版，文字可自由复制。图片高清ForwardEveryone interested in analog electronics should find some value in this book, and an ef-fort has been made to make the material understandable to the relative novice while nottoo boring for the practicing engineer. Special effort has been taken to ensure that eachchapter can stand alone for the reader with the proper background. Of course, this causesredundancy that some people might find boring, but it's worth the price to enable the satisfaction of a diversified audienceStart at Chapter 1 if you are a novice, and read through until completion of Chapter 9. AfterChapter 9 is completed, the reader can jump to any chapter and be confident that theyare prepared for the material. More experienced people such as electronic techniciansdigital engineers, and non-electronic engineers can start at Chapter 3 and read throughChapter 9. Senior electronic technicians, electronic engineers, and fledgling analog engi-neers can start anywhere they feel comfortable and read through Chapter 9. Experiencedanalog engineers should jump to the subject that interests them. Analog gurus shouldsend their additions, corrections, and complaints to me, and if they see something thatlooks familiar, they should feel complimented that others appreciate their contributionsChapter 1 is a history and story chapter. It is not required reading for anyone, but it definesthe op amp,s place in the world of analog electronics. Chapter 2 reviews some basic physics and develops the fundamental circuit equations that are used throughout the bookSimilar equations have been developed in other books, but the presentation here emphasizes material required for speedy op amp design The ideal op amp equations are devel-oped in Chapter 3, and this chapter enables the reader to rapidly compute op amp transferequations including ac response. The emphasis on single power supply systems forcesthe designer to bias circuits when the inputs are referenced to ground, and Chapter 4gives a detailed procedure that quickly yields a working solution every timeOp amps cant exist without feedback, and feedback has inherent stability problemsso feedback and stability are covered in Chapter 5 Chapters 6 and 7 develop the voltagefeedback op amp equations, and they teach the concept of relative stability and com-pensation of potentially unstable op amps. Chapter 8 develops the current feedback opamp equations and discusses current feedback stability. Chapter 9 compares currentfeedback and voltage feedback op amps. The meat of this book is Chapters 12, 13, and14 where the reader is shown how design the converter to transducer/actuator interfacewith the aid of op ampsThe remaining chapters give support material for Chapters 12, 13, and 14 Chapter 18was a late addition Portable applications are expanding rapidly and they emphasize theneed for low-voltagelow-power design techniques. Chapter 18 defines some parametersn a new way so they lend themselves to low voltage design, and it takes the readerthrough several low voltage designsThanks to editor James Karki for his contribution We never gave him enough time to dodetailed editing, so if you find errors or typos, direct them to my attention Thanks to TedThomas, a marketing manager with courage enough to support a book, and big thanksfor Alun roberts who paid for this effort. Thomas Kugelstadt, applications managerthanks for your support and helpAlso many thanks to the contributing authors, James Karki, Richard Palmer, Thomas Ku-gelstadt, Perry Miller, Bruce Carter, and Richard Cesari who gave generously of their timeRegards,Ron manciniChief editorContents1 The Op Amp' s Place n the world∴∴∴∴2 Review of Circuit Theory∴∴……………∴,2-12.1 Introduction2.2 Laws of Physics∴2.3 Voltage Divider Rule2-32. 4 Current divider rule2-42.5 Thevenin s Theorem2-52.6 Superposition2.7 Calculation of a Saturated transistor Circuit2.8 Transistor Amplifier2-103 Development of the Ideal Op Amp Equations3.1 Ideal Op Amp Assumptions3.2 The Noninverting Op Amp3-333 The Inverting Op Amp∴…13-43. 4 The adder3-53.5 The Differential Amplifier3-63.6 Complex Feedback Networks3-73.7 Video Amplifiers3.8 Capacitors3-93.9 Summary3-114 Single Supply Op Amp Design Techniques4-14.1 Single Supply versus Dual Supply4.2 Circuit Analysis4.3 Simultaneous equations4.3.1 Case 1 voUt +mVin+b4-943.2 Case 2: vout =+mvin -b4-134.3.3 Case 3: VUT =-mvin b43. 4 Case 4: VoUT =-mvin-b.4-194. 4 Summary4-225 Feedback and stability Theory5. 1 Why study feedback Theory?5.2 block Diagram math and manipulations5-15.3 Feedback Equation and Stability5-6Contents5. 4 Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits5.5 Loop Gain Plots are the Key to Understanding Stability5.6 The Second Order Equation and Ringing/Overshoot Predictions5-12…5-155.7 References5-166 Development of the Non Ideal Op Amp Equations∴∴∴∴…∴…∴…∴∴6.1 Introduction翻国..6-16.2 Review of the Canonical Equations6.3 Noninverting Op Amps.6-56. 4 Inverting Op Amps6-66.5 Differential Op Amps6-87 Voltage-Feedback Op Amp Compensation7.1 Introduction7-17.2 Internal compensation7-27.3 External Compensation, Stability, and Performance7-87.4 Dominant-Pole compensation7-97.5 Gain Compensation7-127.6 Lead compensation.7-137.7 Compensated Attenuator Applied to Op Amp7-167.8 Lead-Lag Compensation7-187. 9 Comparison of Compensation Schemes7-207.10 Conclusions7-218 Current- Feedback Op Amp Analysis∴∴…∴…∴∴∴∴∴∴8-18.1 Introduction翻8-18.2 CFA Model8.3 Development of the Stability equation8. 4 The Noninverting CFA8-38.5 The Inverting CFA8-58.6 Stability Analysis8-78.7 Selection of the feedback resistor8.8 Stability and Input Capacitance8-118. 9 Stability and Feedback Capacitance8-128. 10 Compensation of CF and CG8-138.11 Summary......::::·.····...8-149 Voltage· and Current-Feedback Op Amp comparison∴…∴∴9-19.1 Introduction9recision9-29.3 Bandwidth9-39. 4 Stability9-69.5 Impedance9.6 Equation Comparison9-8Contents100 p Amp noise Theory and Applications∴.∴.∴………………………….∴….10-110.1 ntroduction10-110.2 Characterization10.2.1 rms versus p-P noise10-110.2.2 Noise floor10-310.2.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio.......10-310.2. 4 Multiple Noise Sources翻..,,,,,10-310.25 Noise Units10-410.3 Types of Noise10-410.3.1 Shot noise10-510.3.2 Thermal noise10-710.3.3 Flicker noise10-810,3. 4 Burst noise10-910.3.5 Avalanche noise10-910. 4 Noise colors10-1010.4.1 White noise....,,10-1110.4.2 Pink noise10-1110.4.3 Red/Brown noise10-1210.5 Op Amp Noise10-1210.5.1 The Noise Corner Frequency and Total Noise10-120.5.2 The Corner Frequency10-1310.5.3 Op Amp Circuit Noise Model10-1410.5.4 Inverting Op Amp Circuit Noise10-1610.5.5 Noninverting Op Amp circuit Noise10-1710.5.6 Differential Op Amp Circuit Noise10-1810.5.7 Summary10-1810.6 Putting It All Together10-1910.7 References10-2311 Understanding Op Amp Parameters11-111.1 Introduction11-111.2 Operational Amplifier Parameter Glossary11-211.3 Additional parameter Information11.3.1 Input Offset Voltage11-811.3.2 Input Current1-1011.3.3 Input Common Mode Voltage Range∴....11-1111.3.4 Differential Input Voltage Range11-1111.3.5 Maximum Output Voltage Swing11-1211.3.6 Large Signal Differential Voltage Amplification11-1311.3.7 Input Parasitic Elements11-1311.3.8 Output Impedance翻11-1411.3.9 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio11-1511.3. 10 Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio.11-151.3.11 Supply Current11-16ContentsContents11.3. 12 Slew Rate at Unity Gain11-1611.3. 13 Equivalent Input noise...11-1711.3. 14 Total Harmonic Distortion plus noise11-1811.3. 15 Unity Gain Bandwidth and Phase margin11-1911.3.16 Settling Time..11-2212 nstrumentation: Sensors to a/d Converters∴∴,,,,,,∴12-112.1 Introduction12-112.2 Transducer Types12-612.3 Design Procedure12-1112.4 Review of the System Specifications12-1212.5 Reference Voltage Characterization.....12-1212.6 Transducer Characterization12-1312.7 ADC Characterization..,12-1512.8 Op Amp Selection12-1512. 9 Amplifier Circuit Design,,,,,,,,∴∴,∴,.,12-1612.10 Test∴.....12-2312.11 Summary12-2312.12 References12-2313 Wireless Communication: Signal Conditioning for IF Sampling .,.. ....... 13-113.1 Introduction13-113.2 Wireless Systems13-113.3 Selection of adcs dacs∴.......13-613.4 Factors Influencing the Choice of Op Amps13-1013.5 Anti-Aliasing Filters...13-1113.6 Communication d/a Converter reconstruction Filter13-1313.7 External Vref circuits for AdCs/ dAcs..13-1513.8 High-Speed Analog Input Drive Circuits13-1813.9 References.13-2214 Interfacing D/A Converters to Loads14-114.1 Introduction14-1142 Load characteristics14-114.2.1 DC Load14-114.2.2 AC loads14-214.3 Understanding the d/A Converter and its Specifications14-214.3.1 Types of D/A Converters-Understanding the tradeoffs14-2143.2 The resistor Ladder da converter14-214.3.3 The Weighted Resistor D/A Converter14-314.3.4 The r2R D/A Converter14-414.3.5 The Sigma delta dia converter14-514.4 D/A Converter Error budget14-614.4.1 Accuracy versus resolution14-714.4.2 DC Application Error Budget14-7Contents14.4.3 AC Application Error Budget14-814.4.4 RF Application Error Budget14-1014.5 D/A Converter errors and parameters14-10145.1 DC Errors and parameters14-1014.5.2 AC Application Errors and Parameters14-1414.6 Compensating For DAC Capacitance14-1814.7 Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier Current and Voltage14-19147.1 Current Boosters14-2014.7.2 Voltage Boosters..,,,,14-20147.3 Power boosters14-2214.74 Single-Supply Operation and DC Offsets.14-2215 Sine Wave oscillatorsn.15-115.1 What is a sine Wave oscillator?..15-115.2 Requirements for Oscillation15-115.3 Phase shift in the oscillator.......15-315.4 Gain in the oscillator..15-415.5 Active Element (Op Amp)Impact on the Oscillator,,,,...15-515.6 Analysis of the Oscillator Operation(Circuit)15-715.7 Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits15-915.7.1 Wien Bridge Oscillator15-915.7.2 Phase Shift Oscillator, Single Amplifier15-1415.7.3 Phase shift oscillator buffered15-1515.74 Bubba oscillator15-1715.7.5 Quadrature Oscillator15-1815.7. 6 Conclusion15-2015.8 References15-2116 Active Filter Design Techniques画国画面面画画...16-116.1 Introduction16-116.2 Fundamentals of low-pass filters16-216.2.1 Butterworth low -Pass Filters16-616.2.2 Tschebyscheff LoW-Pass Filters....∴..16-716.2.3 Bessel Low-Pass Filters.16-716.2. 4 Quality Factor Q16.2.5 Summary.....16-1016.3 LoW-Pass Filter Design......16-1116.3.1 First-Order Low-Pass filter..,,,,16-1216.3.2 Second-Order Low-Pass filter16-1416.3.3 Higher-Order Low-Pass Filters16-196.4 High-Pass Filter Desig16-2116.4.1 First-Order High-Pass Filter16-2316.4.2 Second-Order High-Pass Filter....16-2416.4.3 Higher-Order High-Pass Filter16-26ContentsContents16.5 Band-Pass Filter Design16-27165. 1 Second-Order band-Pass Filter..16-2916.5.2 Fourth-Order Band-Pass Filter(Staggered Tuning)16-3216.6 Band-Rejection Filter design∴.∴∴∴.,16-3616.6.1 Active Twin-T Filter16-3716.6.2 Active Wien -Robinson filter16-3916.7 All-Pass Filter design16-4116.7. 1 First-Order All-Pass Filter16-44167.2 Second-Order All-Pass filter16-4416.7.3 Higher-Order All-Pass Filter.16-4516.8 Practical Design Hints16-476.8.1 Filter Circuit Biasing16-4716.8.2 Capacitor Selection16-5016.8.3 Component16-5216.8. 4 Op Amp Selection16-5316.9 Filter Coefficient Tables16-5516.10 References.....∴..16-6317 Circuit Board Layout Techniques■■■量■量■17-117.1 General considerations17-117.1.1 The PCB is a Component of the Op amp design17-117.1.2 Prototype, Prototype, PROTOTYPE17-117.1.3 Noise Sources17-217.2 PCB Mechanical construction.17-317.2.1 Materials-Choosing the Right One for the Application.17-317.2.2 How Many Layers are Best?17-417.2.3 Board Stack-Up- The Order of Layers17-617.3 Grounding17-717.3.1 The Most Important Rule: Keep Grounds separate...17-717.3.2 Other Ground rules17-717.3.3 A Good Example··17-917.3.4 A Notable Exception17-1017. 4 The Frequency Characteristics of Passive components17-1117.4.1 Resistors17-117.4.2 Capacitors17-1217.4.3 Inductors17-1317.4.4 Unexpected PCB Passive Components17-1417.5 Decoupling..17-2017.5.1 Digital Circuitry -A Major Problem for Analog Circuitry......17-2017.5.2 Choosing the right capacitor:.···:·17-2117.5.3 Decoupling at the IC Level17-2217.5.4 Decoupling at the Board Level17-2317.6 Input and output Isolation.....,17-2317.7 Packages17-24