Numerical Techniques in Eletromagnetics_2nd_Matthew N.O.Sadiku

Numerical Techniques in Eletromagnetics，第二版，作者Matthew N. O. Sadiku，出版社CRC Press，高清PDF，英文原版电子书，适用于研究生课程《计算电磁学》Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataSadiku. matthew n.oNumerical techniques in electromagnetics/Matthew N.O. Sadiku.[2nd edp. cm.Includes bibliographical references and indexIsBn 0-8493-1395-3(alk. paper)1. Electromagnetism. 2. Numerical analyeQC760.S242000537.01515dc2100-026823CIPThis book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted materialis quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonableefforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannotassume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their useNeither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronicor mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage orretrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisherThe consent of CRC Press llC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, forcreating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLCfor such copyingDirect all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431Trademark Notice: Product or corporatc namcs may bc trademarks or rcgistcrcd trademarks, and arcused only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringeo 2001 by CRC Press LLCNo claim to original u.s. Government worlInternational Standard Book Number 0-8493-1395-3Library of Congress Card Number 00-026823Printed in the United States of america 1 23456789 0Printed on acid-free paperrefaceThe art of computation of electromagnetic(EM) problems has grown exponentiallyfor three decades due to the availability of powerful computer resources. In spiteof this. the em community has suffered without a suitable text on computationaltechniques commonly used in solving EM-related problems. Although there havebeen monographs on one particular technique or the other, the monographs are writtenfor the experts rather than students. Only a few texts cover the major techniques anddo that in a manner suitable for classroom use. It seems experts in this area arefamiliar with one or few techniques and not many experts seem to be familiar withall the common techniques. This text attempts to fill the gapThe text is intended foror graduate students and may be used fosemester or two-semester course. The main requirements for students taking a coursebased on this text are introductory EM courses and a knowledge of a high-levelcomputer language, preferably FortRAN or C Software packages such as Matlaband Mathcad may be helpful tools. Although familiarity with linear algebra andnumerical analysis is useful, it is not requiredIn writing this book, three major objectives were borne in mind. First, the book isintended to teach students how to pose, numerically analyze, and solve eM problemsSecond, it is designed to give them the ability to expand their problem solving skillsusing a variety of available numerical methods. Third, it is meant to prepare graduatestudents for research in EM. The aim throughout has been simplicity of presentationso that the text can be useful for both teaching and self-study. In striving aftersimplicity, however, the reader is referred to the references for more informationToward the end of cach chapter, the techniques covered in the chapter are appliedto real life problems. Since the application of the technique is as vast as EM andauthors experience is limited, the choice of application is selective.Chapter I covers some fundamental concepts in EM. Chapter 2 is intended to putnumerical methods in a proper perspective. Analytical methods such as separationof variables and series expansion are covered. chapter 3 discusses the finite differ-ence methods and begins with the derivation of difference equation from a partialdifferential equation(PDE)using forward, backward, and central differences. Thefinite-difference time-domain(FDtD) technique involving Yees algorithm is presented and applied to scattering problems. Numerical integration is covered usingtrapezoidal, Simpson's, Newton-Cotes rules, and Gaussian quadraturesChapter 4 on variational methods serves as a preparatory ground for the next twomajor topics: moment methods and finite element methods. Basic concepts suchas inner product, self-adjoint operator, functionals, and Euler equation are coveredChapter 5 on moment methods focuses on the solution of integral equations. Chap-ter 6 on finite element method covers the basic steps involved in using the finiteelement method. Solutions of Laplace's, Poisson's, and wave equations using thefinite element method are coveredChapter /is devoted to transmission-line matrix or modeling (tlm). The methodis applied to diffusion and scattering problems. Chapter 8 is on Monte Carlo methods,while chapter g is on the method of linesSince the publication of the first edition, there has been an increased awareness andutilization of numerical techniques. Many graduate curricula now include coursesin numerical analysis of EM problems. However, not much has changed in computational electromagnetics. A major noticeable change is in the FDTD method. Themethod seems to have attracted much attention and many improvements are beingmade to the standard algorithm. This edition adds the noticeable change in incorporating absorbing boundary conditions in fdtd, fem, and TLM. chapter 9 is a newchapter on the method of linesAcknowledgementsI am greatly indebted to Temple University for granting me a sabbatical in Fall 1998during which I was able to do most of the revision. I specifically would like to thankmy dean, Dr Keya Sadeghipour, and my chairman, Dr John Helferty, for their supportSpecial thanks are due to Raymond Garcia of Georgia Tech for writing Appendices Cand D in C++. I am deeply grateful to Dr Arthur D. Snider of the University ofSouth Florida and Mohammad r. Zunoubi of Mississippi state University for takingthe time to send me the list of errors in the first edition i thank dr reinhold preglafor helping in clarifying concepts in Chapter 9 on the method of lines. I expressmy deepest gratitude to my wife, Chris, and our daughters, Ann and Joyce, for theirpatience, sacrifices, and prayersA Note to studentsBefore you embark on writing your own computer program or using the ones in thistext, you should try to understand all relevant theoretical backgrounds. A computeris no more than a tool used in the analysis of a program. For this reason, you shouldbe as clear as possible what the machine is really being asked to do before setting itoff on several hours of expensive computationsIt has been well said by A.C. Doyle that"It is a capital mistake to theorize beforeyou have all the evidence. It biases the judgment. Therefore, you should never trustthe results of a numerical computation unless they are validated at least in part. Youvalidate the results by comparing them with those obtained by previous investigatorsor with similar results obtained using a different approach which may be analyticalor numerical. For this reason, it is advisable that you become familiar with as manynumerical techniques as possibleThe references provided at the end of each chapter are by no means exhaustive butare meant to serve as the starting point for further readingcontents1 Fundamental Concepts1.1 Introduction1. 2 Review of Electromagnetic Theory1.2.1 Electrostatic fields1.2.2 Magnetostatic fields1.2.3 Time-varying Ficlds1. 2. 4 Boundary Conditions1.2.5 Wave ec1.2.6Titrying1.2.7 Time-harmonic fields1. 3 Classification of EM Problems1.3. 1 Classification of Solution Regions1.3.2 Classification of Differential Equations1.4 Some Important Theorems1. 4.1 Superposition Principle1.4.2 Uniqueness TheoremReferencesProblems2 Analytical Methods2.1 Introd2.2 Separation of variables2.3 Separation of Variables in Rectangular Coordinates2.3. 1 Laplace's Equations2.3.2 Wave Equation2. 4 Separation of variables in cylindrical coordinates2.4.1 Laplace's equation2.4.2 Wave equation2.5 Separation of Variables in Spherical Coordinates5. 1 Laplaces Equation2.5.2 Wave Equation2.6 Some Useful Orthogonal Functions2.7 Series Expansion2.7. 1 Poissons Equation in a Cube2.7.2 Poisson's Equation in a Cylinder2.7.3 Strip Transmission Line2.8 Practical Applications2. 8. 1 Scattering by Dielectric Sphere2.8.2 Scattering Cross Sections2.9 Attenuation Due to raindrops2. 10 Concluding RemarksRefeProblems3 Finite Difference method3.1 Introduction3.2 Finite diff3.3 Finite Differencing of Parabolic PDes3.4 Finite Differencing of Hyperbolic PDEs3.5 Finite Differencing of Elliptic PDEs3.5.1 Band matrix Method3.5.2 Iterative Methods3.6 Accuracy and Stability of Fd Solutions3.7 Practical Applications I-Guided Structures3.7.1 Transmission Lines3.7.2W3.8 Practical Applications [- Wave Scattering(FDTD)3.8. 1 Yee's Finite Difference Algorithm3.8.2Aand Stabilit3.8.3 Lattice Truncation conditions3.8.4I3.8.5PAng Aspects3.9 Absorbing Boundary Conditions for FDTD3.10 Finite Differencing for Nonrectangular Systems3.10.1 Cylindrical Coordinates3.10.2 Spherical coordi3.11 Numerical3.11.1 Euler's rule3.11.2 Trapezoidal rule3. 11.3 Simpsons rule3.11.4 Newton-Cotes rules3. 11.5 Gaussian Rules3.11.6 Multiple Integration3.12 Concluding remarksReferencesProblems4 Variational Methods4.1 Introduction4.2 Operators in Linear Spaces4.3 Calculus of variations4.4 Construction of functionals from Pdes4.5 Rayleigh-Ritz Method4.6 Weighted Residual Method4.6.1 Collocation method4.6.2 Subdomain method4.6.3 Galerkin method4.6.4 Least Squares Method4.7 Eigenvalue Problems4.8 Practical Applications4.9 Concluding remarksReferencesProblems5 Moment methods5.1 Introduction5.2 Integral Equations5.2. 1 Classification of Integral equation5.2.2 Connection Between Differential and Integral Equations5.3 Green's Functions5.3. 1 For Free space5.3.2 For Domain with Conducting Boundaries5.4 Applications I-Quasi-Static Problems5.5 Applications II- Scattering Problems5.5. 1 Scattering by Conducting Cylinder5.5.2 Scattering by an Arbitrary Array of Parallel Wires5.6 Applications Il- Radiation Problems5.6.1 Allens Integral Equation5.6.2 Pocklington's Integral equation5.6.3 Expansion and Weighting Functions5.7 Applications IV- EM Absorption in the Human Bod5.7.1Df Integral equations5.7.2 Transformation to Matrix Equation(Discretization)5.7.3 Evaluation of Matrix Elements5.7.4 Solution of the Matrix Equation5.8 Concluding ReemarksRefeProblems6 Finite Element method6.1 ntroduction6.2 Solution of Laplace's Equation6.2.1 Finite element discretization6.2.2 Element Governing Equations6.2.3 Assembling of All Elements6.2.4 Solving the Resulting Equations6.3 Solution of Poissons equation6.3.1 Deriving Element-governing Equations6.3.2 Solving the resulting equations6.4 Solution of the Wave equation6. 5 Automatic Mesh Generation 1- Rectangular domains6.6 Automatic Mesh Generation II- Arbitrary Domains6.6.1 Definition of block6.6.2 Subdivision of each block6.6. 3 Connection of Individual blocks6.7 Bandwidth Reduction6.8 Higher Order elements6.8.1 Pascal triangle6.8.2 Local Coordinates6.8.3 Shape Functions6.8. 4 Fundamental Matr6.9 Three-Dimensional Elements6. 10 Finite element methods for exterior problen6.10.1 Infinite Element Method6.10.2 Boundary element Method6.10.3 Absorbing Boundary Conditions6.11 Concluding RemarksRefeProblems7 Transmission-linematrix Method7.1 Introduction7.2 Transmission-line Equations7.3 Solution of Diffusion equation7.4 Solution of Wave equations7.4.1 Equivalence Between Network and Field Parameters7.4.2 Dispersion relation of propagation velocity7.4.3 Scattering Matrix7.4.4 Boundary Representation7.4.5 Computation of Fields and Frequency Response