UnderstandingDelta-SigmaDataConverters

Delta-Sigma modulation的经典教材，内容由浅入深，而且还附上相关toolbox的使用指南，很实用！Contents2.2 MOD as an aDc 292.3 MODI as a dac 342.4 MODI Linear model 362.5 Simulation of MOD1 382.6 MOD1 under DC Excitation 412.61 de tone Generation 422.6 2 Graphical Visualization 452. 7 Stability of MODI 492.8 The Effects of Finite Op-Amp Gain 502.8.1 Linear Systems Perspective- Degraded Noise Shaping 502.8.2 Nonlinear Systems Perspective-Dead Zones 512.9 Decimation Filters for MOD1 542.9.1 The Sinc Filter 9 55292 The sinc Filter 52.10 Conclusions 60CHAPTER 3The Second-Order Delta-Sigma Modulator 633. The Second-Order Modulator: MOD2 633.2 Simulation of MOD2 673.3 Nonlinear effects in MoD2 713.3 I Signaf-dependen quantizer gain 7I3,3. 2 Stabiliy of MOD2 743.3.3 Dead-band beha73.4 Alternative Second- Order Modulator Structures 793.4./ The Boser-Wooley Modt793.4.2 The Si/va-Sreersgaard Structure 03.4.3 The error-Feedhack structune I3.4.4 Gereralized second-Order structures 823. 4.S Optimal Second-Order modulator 843.5 Decimation Filtering for Second-Order Az Modulators 863.6 Conctusions 89CHAPTER 4Higher-Order Delta-Sigma Modulation 9I4. 1 High-Order Single-Quantizer Modulators 914.2 Stability Considerations in High-Order Modulators 974.2.1 Single-Bit Modulators 984.2.2 MuitiBir Modulators (12) 1044.3 Optimization of the NTF Zeros and Poles 1074.3.1 NTF Zero Optimization 1074.3.2 NTF Pole Optimization III4.4 Loop Filter Architectures 1154.4.I Loop Fitters with Distributed Feedback and Input Coupling-The CIFBand CreB Siructures 1154. 4, 2 Loop Filters wirh disiributed Feedforward and Input Coupling-ThecFF and CRFF Structures 1214.5 Multi-Stage Modulators 1224.3.1 The Leslie-Singh(L-o Cascade Structure [161 1234.5.2 Cascade( MASH)I274.5.3 Noise Leakage in Cascade Modulators 1324, 6 Conclusions 136CHAPTER 5Bandpass and quadrature Delta-SigmaModulation 1395.1 The Need for Bandpass and Quadrature Modulation 1395.2 Bandpass NTF Selection 1455.2.1 Pseudo N-path trarsformation 1495.3 Architectures for Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulators 15153!To5.3.2 Resonator implementations 1545.4 Bandpass modulator Example 1615.5 Quadrature Signals 1605.6 Quadrature Modulation 1725.7 Conclusions 176CHAPTER 6Implementation Considerations For AE ADCs 1796. 1 Modulators with Multi-Bit Internal Quantizers 1796.2 Dual-Quantizer Modulators 1826.2.1 Dual Quantization MASH Structure 1826.2.2 Duat-Quantization Single-Stage Structure 1836. 3 Dynamic Element Randomization 184YILtents6.4 Mismatch Error Shaping 18664.iEData-Weighted Averaging 1896.4.2 Individual Level Averaging 1916.4.3 Vector-Based Mismatch Shaping 1926.4.4 Element Selection Using a Tree Structure 1966.5 Digital Corf DAC Nonlinearity6.5.1 Digiially-Corrected Mudri- Bit A Modulator with Power-UpCalibration 2006.52 Digitally Corrected Multi- Bit AE ADC with BackgroundCalibration 2026.6 Continuous-Time Implementations 2056.6.1 A Continuous-Time Implementation O/MOD2 2076.6.2 Inherent Anti-Aliasing in CT AE ADCs 2126.6.3 Design sues for Continuous- Time Modulators 2136.7 Conclusions 216CHAPTER TDelta-Sigma DACs 2197.I System Architectures for 42 DACs 2207.2 Loop configurations for AX DACS 2227. 2.1 Singte-Siage Delta-Sigma Loops 2237.2.2 The Error Feedback Structure 2247.2.3 Cascade MAsa Structures 22673△Σ DACS Using Multi- Bit lnternal dacs2297.3.1 Duai-Truncarion DAC Structures 2307.3, 2 MuLti-bit Delta-Sigma DACs with Mismatch Error Shaping 2327.3, 3 Digita! Correcrion of Multi-Bir Delta Sigma DACs 2357.3.4 Comparison of Single-Bit and MultiBit AZ DACS 2387.4 Interpolation Filtering for 2 DACs 2397.5 Analog Post-Filters for AZ DACs 2437.5.1 Analog Post-Filtering in Single-Bu AZ DACs 2447.2 Analog p- Filtering in Multi-B△ΣDACs25I7. 6 Conclusions 253CHAPTER 8High-Level Design and simulation 2578. I NTF Synthesis 2578.I. How synthes izeNTF works 260Contents8. 1.2 Limitations of synthesizeNTF 2628.2 NTF Simulation, SQNR Calculation and Spectral Estimation 2638.3 NTF Realization and Dynamic Range Scaling 26683-I The ABCD Matrix 2718.4 Creating a SPICE-Simulatable Schematic 2738. 4. voltage Scaling 2738.4.2 TEming 2748. 4.3 kT/C Noise 2808.5 Conclusions 281CHAPTER 9Example Modulator Systems 2839. I SCMOD2: General-Purpose Second-Order Switched-CapacitorADC 2839 .I System Design 2849, 1, 2 Timing 28(9. 1.3 Scaling 288i 4 verifi2899. 1.5 Capacitor Sizing 2929. 1. 6 Circuit Design 2949.2 SCMODS: A Fifth-Order Single-Bit Noise-Shaping Loop 2989.2.1 NtF and Architecture Selection 2989.2.2 implementation 3029.2.3 instability and Reset 3II9.3 A Wideband 2-0 Cascade System 3119.3.1 Archirecture 3124.32 Implementation 3159.4A Micropower Continuous-Time ADC 3179.4.1High-Level Design 3189. 4. 2 Circuit Design 3229.5 A Continuous-Time Bandpass ADC 3269.5.1 Architecture/Analysis 3289.5.2 Subcim3339.6 Audio DAC 3379.6.1 Modulator Design 3389.6.2 Interpolation Fitter Design 3449.6.3 DAC and Reconstruction Filter Design 3559.7 Conclusions 3579.7. 1 The ADC Srare-of-phe-Art 35739.7.2 FOM Justification 3599.7.2 References 362APPENDX ASpectral Estimation 365A 1 windowing 366A 2 Scaling and Noise Bandwidth 373A, 3 Averaging 377A, 4 An Example 379A.5 Mathematical Background 383APPENDIX BThe Delta-Sigma Toolbox 389Demonstrations and Examples 390Summary of Key Functions 391⊥zeNF393predictoR395simulateS 396gimulatesnr 39&realizentF 400CD 401吕 caleABCD402￠a】cu1aeTP403simulateS 404desicnHBF 405simulateHBE 40sfindERs <09Modulator model Details 410APPENDIX CNoise in Switched-Capacitor Delta-Sigma DataConverters 417C 1 Noise Effects in CMOS Op Amps 419C 2 Sampled Thermal Noise 423C 3 Noise Effects in an SC Integrator 425C 4 Integrator Noise Analysis Example 433C 5 Noise Effects in Delta-Sigma ADC Loops 435xForewordIn the next few remarks, we shall explain our reasons for writing this book. Sinceits inception in the early 1960s, delta-sigma modulation has evolved through anumber of generations and now stands as one of the more popular methods forconstructing high-performance analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog convertersThe concept of noise-shaping, which is central to delta-sigma modulation, continues to be refined and to be applied to new areas. The technical fiterature contains awealth of information regarding various aspects of delta-sigma modulation, but thesheer volume of this material acts as a barrier to the designer who is embarking onhis first trip into the land of delta-sigmaEarlier works to which we contributed served the need for a guide by catalogingpublications and republishing a subset of them [l], or by enlisting the help of a collection of authors [2]. This book, in contrast, provides a coherent and consistententry-level reference into the world of delta-sigma. The introductory chapter is, inessence, a generalist's guide. That chapter is devoted to introducing main roadsand to identifying major landmarks, and so should chart some territory which isunfamiliar to the reader. Do not despair if you feel a little lost, since if you understand that chapter completely you do not deserve to be called a beginner! Theremainder of the text plots a more deliberate course through the countryside, oneR:Forewordwhich allows time for exploring some of the side roads and for pondering a number of the more remarkable edifices which dot the landscapUnfortunately the text is by no means all-inclusive. In order to have a non-zeroprobability of completing this work in a reasonable amount of time, we have had totake difficult decisions regarding what material would be appropriate for an intreductory text and what material could be omitted. We hope that the reader will findthe route we have chosen makes a pleasant and satisfying joumey, and we trust thatthe many researchers and designers who cut roads through the wilderness will findtheir hard work adequately acknowledged. As always, the blame for any omissionsor misdirections lies with us. Let us know if you encounter anyBon yoyageReferencesOversampling Delra-Sigma Data Converters, J C Candy and G C Temes, Eds. New YorkJEEE Press. 1991[2] Delta-Sigma Data Converters, S.R. Norsworthy, R. Schreier and G. C. Temes, EdsPiscataway N]: IEEE Press, 1997CHAPTER 1IntroductionIn this introductory chapter, the need for oversampling data converters will be discussed, and their performance contrasted with that of Nyquist-rate convertersDelta modulation and delta-sigma modulation will be described and comparedThe basic architectures for delta-sigma (4>) modulators will be presented, andnewer trends identified1.1 The Need for Oversampling ConvertersComputational and signal processing tasks are now performed predominantly bydigital means, since digital circuits are robust and can be realized by extremelysmall and simple structures which can in turm be combined to obtain very complexaccurate and fast systems, Every year, the speed and density of digital integratedcircuits (ICs ) is increased, enhancing the dominance of digital methods in almostall areas of communications and consumer products. Since the physical world nevertheless remains stubbornly analog data converters are needed to interface withthe digital signal processing (DSP)core. As the speed and capability of dsp coresincreases, so too must the speed and accuracy of the converters associated with