ArtificialIntelligence:WhatEveryoneNeedstoKnow

Artificial Intelligence: What Everyone Needs to Know by Jerry Kaplan2016 | ISBN: 0190602392, 0190602384 | English | 192 pages | PDF | 1 MBOver the coming decades, Artificial Intelligence will profoundly impact the way we live, work, wage war, play, seek a mate, educate our young, and care for ourARTIFICIAINTELLIGENCEWHAT EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW@JERRY KAPLANOXFORDUNIVERSITY PRESSOXFORDUNIVERSITY PRESSOxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthershe Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and educationby publishing Press in the UK and certain other countriesworldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford UniversityWhat Everyone Needs to Know"is a registered trademark ofOxford University PressPublished in the United States of America by Oxford University Press198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of AmericaO Oxford University Press 2016All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without theprior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permittedby law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproductionrights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of theabove should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at theaddress aboveYou must not circulate this work in any other formand you must impose this same condition on any acquirerLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Kaplan, Jerry, authorTitle: Artificial intelligence/Jerry KaplanDescription: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. Series: What everyoneneeds to know I Includes ibliographical references and indexIdentifiers: LCCN 2016001628 ISBN 9780190602390(pbk. alk paper)IISBN 9780190602383(hardcover: alk. paper)Subjects: LCSH: Artificial intelligence--Social aspects--Popular works IArtificial intelligence--Moral and ethical aspects--Popular worksClassification: LCC Q335 K36 2016 DDC 006.3--dc23Lcrecordavailableathttp://iccn.loc.gov/2016001628135798642Paperback printed by r.R. Donnelley, United States of AmericaHardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc, United States of AmericaFor my mother, Mickey KaplanHang in there your eldercare robot is on the wayCONTENTSPREFACEACKNOWLEDGMENTSXV1 Defining Artificial IntelligenceWhat is artificial intelligence?/s Al a real science?Can a computer ever really be smarter than a human being?2 The Intellectual History of Artificial Intelligence 13Where did the term artificial intelligence come from?13What were the Dartmouth conference participantshoping to accomplish?15How did early Al researchers approach the problem?What is the "physical symbol system hypothesis"?20What is (or was) expert systems?What is planning?25What is machine learning?What are artificial neural networks?28How did machine learning arise?Which approach is better, symbolic reasoning or machine learning? 36What are some of the most important historical milestones in Alviii Contents3 Frontiers of Artificial Intelligence49What are the main areas of research and development in A/?49What is robotics?What is computer vision?What is speech recognition?What is natural language processing?604 Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence67What is the philosophy of Al?67What is"strong" versus"weak"Al?68Can a computer "think"?Can a computer have free will?Can a computer be conscious?81Can a computer“fee”?5 Artificial Intelligence and the lawHow will al affect the law?How will A/ change the practice of law?89How is Al used to help lawyers?94What is computational law?Can a computer program enter into agreements and contracts?98Should an intelligent agent be limited in what it is permitted to do?98Should people bear full responsibility for their intelligent agents?101Should an Al system be permitted to own property?Can an Al system commit a crime?Can't we just program computers to obey the law?107How can an Al system be held accountable for criminal acts?107Contents6 The Impact of Artificial Intelligenceon human labor113Are robots going to take away our jobs?113What new tasks will Al systems automate?116Which jobs are most and least at risk?118How will al affect blue-collar workers?How will Al affect white-collar professions1227 The Impact of Artificial Intelligenceon Social Equity126Who' s going to benefit from this technological revolution?126Are the disruptive effects inevitable?127What's wrong with a labor-based economy?127Dont we need a thriving middle class to drive demand130Are there alternatives to a labor-based society?132How can we distribute future assets more equitably?132How can we support the unemployed without government handouts? 134Why should people work if they could live comfortablywithout doing So?1368 Possible Future Impacts of Artificial Intelligence 138Is progress in Al accelerating?What is the "singularity"?138When might the singularity occur?141Is runaway superintelligence a legitimate concern144Will artificially intelligent systems ever get loose and go wild?146How can we minimize the future risks?148What are the benefits and risks of making computers and robotsthat act like people?How are our children likely to regard Al systems?152Will ever be able to upload myself into a computer?153INDEX